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一个由四人组成的探险小组正在一个山洞里考察,洞口突然崩塌,还好,探险小组可以用手机和外面联系-----求援队、地质专家和生理专家马上赶来,经过测量和研究,地质专家告诉被困在洞内的探险人员,打开洞口需要十天的时间,探险人员问外面的生理专家,说他们没有带任何食物,能够活多少天,生物学家,最多七天,洞里的人又问,如果杀死其中的一个人,其他三个人吃死者的肉,能够活到洞口被打开吗?生物学家极不情愿地说是。这以后,洞里的人就再也没有和外面联系了。第十天,洞口被打开了,有三个人还活着,原来,这四个在洞内进行了抓阄,三个幸运者将抽到那个死签人杀死并把他的肉给吃了。这三个人身体恢复后,被送到了法庭上,几个不同派别的法官展开激烈的争论。信奉实证法学的的法官认为,法律应严格遵循条文,不应有特例,只要是故意杀人,就应该问罪;信奉自然法学的法官则认为,探险人员被因在山洞里,与外界隔绝,不应再适用人类社会的法律,而应根据自然界物竞天则、适者生存的法则,也就是他们吃掉同伴和我们平时吃其他的动物一样,不应该问罪。而信奉社会主法学的人则认为,这个案子应该听听社会民众的意见,不妨搞一个民意调查,看看是大多数人的意见怎么样?......
这是一则虚拟的案例,大家可以不必去理会结果,但通过这个案例,我们很容易理解几大法学派的观点――――这也是西方法学教育中案例教学的魅力所在。
以下是一篇英文短文,可以加深对法理学(jurisprudence)的理解
jurisprudence: an overview The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term juris prudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law." In the United States jurisprudence commonly means the philosophy of law. Legal philosophy has many aspects, but four of them are the most common. The first and the most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law. Law school textbooks and legal encyclopedias represent this type of scholarship. The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and the social sciences. The third type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the historical, moral, and cultural basis of a particular legal concept. The fourth body of jurisprudence focuses on finding the answer to such abstract questions as What is law? How do judges (properly) decide cases?
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