六级写作[1]
Writing
Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following table of Average Incomes of the Chinese Peasants Between 1978 and 1986. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.Your part of writing should be no less than 120 words.[Sample]
Average Incomes of the Chinese Peasants Between 1978 and 1986.
The Chinese peasants' personal income rose steadily from 1978 to 1986. _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.
- Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following table ofAverage Family's Expenses The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.Your part of writing should be no less than 120 words.[Sample]
Family Income and Expenses The average family's income increased and expense portions altered noticeably from 1970 to 1975 in the United States.____________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________.
- Direction: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following table of The Debts of Some Big Latin Nations The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.Your part of writing should be no less than 120 words.[Sample]
The Debts of Some Big Latin Nations
Big Latin Nations What they owe(in billions of dollars) How Much of Their Export Earnings go to Payments Argentina 59.6 42% Bolivia 5.7 44% Brazil 120.1 28% Chile 20.8 27% Colombia 17.2 17% Ecuador 11.0 33% Mexico 107.4 28% Peru 19.0 27% Venezuela 35.0 22% Source:The World Bank
A Nation's Intolerable Burden Most of the export earnings of some Latin nations have to go to their creditors._____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________.
- Direction: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words,using the following key words. [Sample]
The Population Explosion 5000 million people,world,today,total,increase,more than 5000 and hour,United nations experts,calculate,more than 7000 million,end,this century. pressing problem,shortage,food,more mouths,feed,total production of food,not go up,fast,population. rapid rise,world population,create,problem,developing countries, whole world,face,raw meterials,use up,unless,take united actions,deal with,population explosion,fight for land,food,fuel,future,poverty,mi- sery.
- Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words,using the following key words. [Sample]
Inventions inventions,result,natural curiosity,desire to meet an expressed need,need for durable building materials,lead,invent,bricks,about 4000 B.C.,probably,curiosity,lead,invention,wheel,about 3000 B.C.,date,in- vention,bow,arrow,be lost in time,but,certain,purpose,provide,means, kill,animals,look upon...as,commonplace,at one time,world,do not have, have to,invent. inventors,curious,bring together,ideas,necessary materials,pro- duce,not exist before.
- Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a sunnary of no less than 120 words,based on the following passage. [Sample]
A world Without Oil
Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil?Take a look at your day.The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oil product,bitumen(沥青).The same product is used for the road surface outside your home.Before you leave to go to work or school just examine your surroundings.Is the room warmer than the cold air outside?Oil or electricity from oil--fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm.If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate,your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators.
In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see more plastic fittings, curtains made from synthetic materials and cosmetics(化妆品) such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations.All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum found deep in the earth.
When you are out,notice the fields and gardens.Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production.As you head for your bus,train or car,all of them use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them.What are you wearing today?A polyester shirt or dress,nylon socks and stockings?All these are based on petroleum products.
Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities.Can we afford to use so much of our limites petroleum supplies for private motoring?Should airliners compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats?What alternative energy resources can be developed?
There is an old English saying,"necessity is the mother of invention."which means that when you are face with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it.Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions.There is one suggestion that the motor traffic and movement of crowds walking on the streets in major cities could generate energy.They say the human and motor traffic in a busy city centre could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school.Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill.Engines can run on alcohol so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy.An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested.Such "sun ship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load.Such "sun ship" might travel at over one hundred lilometres an hour.In such cirrumstances,of course,the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources.
- Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of no less than 120 words, based on the following passage in Chinese.[Sample]
科 学 态 度
科学态度，亦即那些研究和应用物理学、生物学、化学、地质学、工程学、医学和其它科学的男女科学家们的态度，其实质是什么呢?
我们都知道，科学在我们生活着的社会里起着重要的作用。然而许多人认为，我们的进步取决于科学的两个不同方面。其一是科学技术人员研制成功的机器、产品以及实用知识体系得到应用。通过技术，科学改进了社会结构，并帮助人们获得了对周围环境的不断加强的控制。新型的纤维和药物，更快且更安全的交通工具，实用知识的新体系(精神病学、运筹学等等)是科学的这一方面的一些实例。其二是科学家在工作中所采取的思维和行动的特定方法被所有社会成员 —— 从政府官员列普通公民 —— ：所应用。
这些思维和行动的特定方法是什么呢?首先，成绩卓著的科学家似乎都富于好奇心——他试图寻找字宙万物运行的方式和原因。他常常把注意力集中到那些他认为尚未得到完满解释的问题上。他的好奇心驱使他去探索事物的内在联系，尽管他拥有的资料看来是支离破碎的。而且他认为他能改善现状，无论是纯理论知识方面的还是实用知识方面的现状。并且，他把寻求解决由此而产生的问题看成是一种乐趣。
他是一个善于观察的人，精细、耐心、客观，并且对所观察到的事物作出连贯的、合乎逻辑的思考。他能最充分地利用观察到的事实。例如，一个训练有素的观察者，主要是通过精确地分析光谱中出现的简单线条，得到关于一个星体的大量资料(如距离、质量、速度、大小等等)的。
他对事物持怀疑态度——不采纳那些不以所能获得的最完整的论据为基础的说法。因而，他拒绝承认权威是真理伪唯一基础。科学家们总是检验各种说法，并细心地、客观地用实验来验证它们。
而且，他不仅对别人的工作要求严格，对自己的工作要求也很严格。因为他知道人是最不可靠的科学仪器，有很多因素使他无法不偏不倚地、客观地进行研究工作。
最后，他富于高度的想象力，因为他常常必须在既复杂又不完整的资料中探索其间的联系。而且，对变化过程如何进行、事态如何发生作出假设时，他更需要具有想象力。
看来，这些就是有成就的科学家和技术人员思维和行动的一些方式。
- Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words, based on the following title: Smoking and Health.[Sample]
- Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words, based on the following title: Good or Evil.[Sample]
- Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Decoration at Home. Your composition should be no less than 120 words. You must base your composition on the following instruction (giving in Chinese):[Sample]
几年前没有多少人会想到装修自己的房屋，为什么？然而，如今情况却大不相同了，为什么？然后陈述你对装修利弊的看法。
范 文
The Sample
1.Average Incomes of the Chinese peasants Between 1978 and 1986
The Chinese peasants' personal income rose steadily from 1978 to 1986.
At the end of the 1970's the peasants' income was rather low.Their average annual income was around 134 yuan.But a significant reformation of China's agricultural policy took place in 1979, and it brought about a great increase in the peasants' income.In 1980, the average personal income increased approximately 18%, reaching 160 yuan. Their income doubled in 1983. After that there appeared an even more consistent tendency for income to rise.In 1984,a peasant earned an average of 309.77 yuan. In 1986, his earnings almost tripled.During the past eight years,the peasants' income had been rising at a rate of 25% each year.It is evident that the life of the Chinese peasants has been and will be improving,though 400 yuan is still too small an income.
2. Family Income and Expenses
The average family's income increased and expense portions altered noticeably from 1970 to 1975 in the United States.The family annual income in the united States in 1970 averaged $12000 in constrast to $16000 in 1975,indicating an increase of $4000.
Due to rising costs,we can see from the pie that food and drink expenses in 1970 was 18%,and in 1975 expanded to 22%.25% for household expenses in 1970 rose to 32%.Entertainment expenses stayed the same for both years at 7%. Savings dwindled to 1% within the interval of five years.With the increase of inescapable costs like eating,housing and medicine,American families have to cut down their other miscellaneous expenditures.
3.A Nation's Intolerable Burden
Most of the export earnings of some Latin nations have to go to their creditors.
According to World Bank statistics,Bolivia received $5.7 billion in loans,and 44% of her export earnings are used for payments of the interests of her debt.Argentina comes next.She owes $59.6 billion so she must pay 42% of her export income as interest payments.Ecuador ranks third.Nearly one third of her export earning are consumed in this way to pay for her $11 billion debt.28 of both Brazil and mexico's incomes are sent to their creditors since Brazil's debt amounts to $120.1 billion and Mexico's $107.4 billion.Chile and Peru spend 27% for this purpose. Venezuela is better.She uses 22%.Even Colombia spends 17% of her hardearned money on debt interest payments.
Debt is a burden and the toleration of a burden has its limit. Exceed the limit,and a financial problem will change into a dangerous political problem.
4.The Population Explosion
There are over 5000 million people in the world today,and the total is increasing at the rate of more than 5000 an hour.United Nations experts have calculated that it could increas to more than 7000 million by the end of this century.
The most pressing problem created by the rapid increase is a shortage of food.More mouths have to be fed every year,but the total production of food does not go up as fast as the population.
The rapid rise in world population is not only creating problem for the developing countries.The whole world faced the problem of raw materials being used up at an increasing speed.Unless all the countris of the world take united action to deal with the population explosion there will be more and more people fighting for a share of less and less land,food,and fuel,and the future will be poverty and miserty.
5.Inventions
Inventions are the result of man's natural curiosity about the world around him and of the desire to meet an expressed need.It was a need for more durable building materials that led man to invent bricks about 4000 B.C..It was probably simply curiosity that ledto the invention of the wheel around 3000 B.C..The date of the invention of the bowand arrowhas been lost in time,but it fairly certain that it was for the purpose of providing man with a quicker and surer means of killing animals for food.We look upon thousand of things today as commonplace,but at one time the world did not have them.They all had to be invented.
Inventors,who are curious and at the same time see need,bring their ideas and the necessary materials together to produce something new--something that has not exist before--an invention.
6.A world Without Oil
What if our world should run out of oil?It's probable that on your roof and on the road surface an oil product is applied.Thje engine of your air conditioner may also have an oil-fed generator.
In your kitchen and bathroom many things originate from oil or petroleum,such as plastic fittings,nylon curtain and cosmetics.
In the fields fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum are used.You use fuel to run your car.You wear clothes that are based on petroleum products.
Now the world's known oil resources are being used up rapidly. What alternative energy resources can be found before the known deposit runs out?Some scientists suggest making use of the energy generated by human movement and motor traffic.Others suggest using alternative energy resources such as alcohol and solar power.
7.The Scientific Attitude
Science can help society to develop in two ways. One is the use of machines, products, and system of applied knowledge to help improve the structure of society and to control the environment. The other is the sharing of the scientists' ways of thinking and acting by all members of society.
These special ways include: being curious about how and why things work, especially about problems which have no satisfactory explanation; being objective and accurate to abserve and utilize facts to the fullest; being sceptical to refuse statements without complete evidence and reject authority as the only basis for truth; being critical of the work of others or of your own; being imaginative enough to look for relationship in data which is complex and incomplete and to make hypotheses.
This is the scientific attitude, the special methods which a successful scientist uses in his work.
8.Smoking and health
We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throats and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. Besides, it can bring about other health problems such as heart lung diseases. It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.
Smoking is a killer not only among smokers, but also among the nearby nonsmokers. The nonsmokers often find themselves exposed to the second-hand smoke. This will add to the deaths from cancer and other diseases related to smoking.
For the sake of public health it's time to take actions to eliminate this cause of death. Before we succeed in persuading smokers to give up the habit, we should at least set up "No Smoking" sections, and prohibit smoking in public places.
9.Science:Good or Evil
The debate regarding the good and evil effects of modern science has gained wide attention.
Science has brought about several outstanding advantages to mankind.The vast improvements made in the field of medicine have served to lengthen our life expectancy and to reduce the rate of infant mortality.The discovery of mechanization,better techniques of irrigation and pest control has worked to increase productivity levels on farms.In transporation,the railway,modern ocean liner,jet plane.and motor vehicle have made our lives more comfortable and provided great possobilities for modern commerial development and industrialization. The invention of computer has assisted the process of calculation in laboratories.
However,science has been responsible for pollution and has given us the nuclear bomb which threatens our very existence.But in this instance,the fault lies not with science,but rather with man's intention to misuse the discoveries of science.
Decoration at Home
Many years ago, not many people would have dreamd of decorating their houses. In those days, houses were the property of the state, people who lived in the house had no right to do decorations of any kind. In addition, people were very hard up. They could hardly keep their living. There were no professional painters and decorators to provide people with this kind of services. Today, however, it is quite a different story. Houses are no longer the property of the state. Instead, they belong to the people who live in them. So people can make decorations of any kind at their will. With the development of the economy, people are now much better off, they don't have to worry about how to maintain their lives. What is more, there appears a new industry to produce decoration materials of every description and there are a lot of building firms willing to do this kind of work. As a coin has two sides, house decoration also has its advantages and disadvantages. A well decorated house can make people feel more comfortable and more relaxed. Since people almost spend half of their life-time at home, it is absolutely necessary to make the house beautiful and comfortable. But some people make too much changes in the house, as a result, the structure of the house is weakened, and a potential danger exists.
